Cervical cancer, emerging in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus, is linked to specific strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Globally, it ranks as the fourth most common cancer in women, with over 570,000 new cases annually and 300,000 deaths. Despite medical advancements, it remains a significant health concern, especially in regions with limited healthcare access.
What are the risk factors for cervical cancer?
The most common risk factor is infection with high-risk strains of HPV, particularly HPV types 16 and 18. Other risk factors include smoking, which increases the likelihood of developing cancer, and a weakened immune system, which makes the body less able to fight HPV infections. Lack of regular cancer screenings poses a risk, as early detection is for successful treatment.
What to look out for?
Signs and symptoms of cervical cancer may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding between periods, after intercourse, or after menopause. Women with cervical cancer may also experience pelvic pain or pain during intercourse, as well as an unusual vaginal discharge that may be watery, bloody, or have a foul odour.
How can I prevent cervical cancer?
- HPV vaccination.
- Practising safe sex, including consistent condom use, reduces the risk of HPV transmission.
- Regular cervical screenings, including Pap tests and HPV tests.
Diagnosis
- Pap smear.
- HPV testing.
- Further evaluation may involve a colposcopy.
Treatment
Treatment for cervical cancer varies depending on factors such as the stage and extent of the disease. Surgical options may include removing abnormal cells, the cervix, or the uterus, depending on the cancer’s progression. Radiation therapy, which uses high-energy beams to target and destroy cancer cells, may be used alone or in combination with other treatments. Chemotherapy and targeted therapy are also viable options, particularly for advanced stages of cervical cancer, aiming to halt cancer growth or shrink tumours.
